RESEAU ROUTIER NATIONAL
La construction des infrastructures de transport participe à I’artificiaIisation ainsi qu’à Ia fragmentation des espaces. C’est pourquoi ces constructions doivent respecter scrupuleusement la séquence « éviter-réduire-compenser ». Par ailleurs, les dépendances vertes routières peuvent procurer des avantages pour la biodiversité et les pollinisateurs. Elles sont à la fois des corridors biologiques préservés de certaines dégradations de I’environnement (agriculture intensive ou urbanisation) mais aussi des lieux très peu fréquentés. La surface importante de ces dépendances sur le territoire national en fait un enjeu majeur. Elles peuvent en outre héberger des espèces protégées. A contrario, les routes constituent des espaces privilégiés pour la propagation des espèces exotiques envahissantes (EEE).
VOIES NAVIGABLES
La voie d’eau est Ie seuI réseau de transport qui est aussi un miIieu natureI. Voies Navigables de France (VNF) en a toujours été pleinement conscient et prend ses responsabilités en matière de biodiversité et de préservation des espèces au-delà de ses obligations règlementaires. VNF s’est doté très tôt d’une poIitique environnementaIe et d’adaptation au changement cIimatique du réseau fIuviaI français qui se décline en actions concrètes : pêches de sauvegarde, plans de gestion raisonnée et différenciée, installations de passes à poissons, restauration des berges, valorisation des sédiments, traçabilité des déchets, conversion des ouvrages pour utiliser des fluides hydrauliques biodégradables, rédaction des règIements d’eau, instrumentation du réseau. À titre d’exempIe, VNF a atteint dès 2013 I’objectif de « zéro produits phytosanitaires » qu’iI s’était fixé pour I’entretien de ses espaces par Ie déveIoppement des techniques alternatives sur le domaine fluvial, anticipant largement les objectifs du Plan national Ecophyto 2018. La continuité écologique favorise la circuIation des espèces. L’étabIissement est un membre actif du CIub Infrastructures linéaires et Biodiversité (CILB) visant à partager les meilleures pratiques de restauration de la biodiversité sur les infrastructures linéaires.
VOIES FERREES
Les dépendances vertes ferroviaires peuvent procurer des avantages pour la biodiversité et les pollinisateurs. Elles sont à la fois des corridors biologiques préservés de certaines dégradations de I’environnement (agriculture intensive ou urbanisation) mais aussi des lieux non fréquentés. Elles peuvent en outre héberger des espèces protégées. Consciente de cet enjeu SNCF Réseau s’est engagée et a réussi sa sortie du glyphosate et poursuit sa baisse d’usage des produits phytopharmaceutiques pour l’entretien de la végétation sur les voies et abords (- 80 % de consommation d’herbicides de synthèse entre 2021 et 2022, passée de 18,3T en 2021 à moins de 4T en 2022 ce qui représente désormais 0,008 % de la consommation globale des produits phytosanitaires de synthèse). A contrario, les voies ferrées sont aussi des facteurs de limitation des continuités écologiques terrestres et aquatiques et peuvent favoriser la propagation des espèces exotiques envahissantes (EEE). Par ailleurs l’environnement immédiat aux abords des voies ferrées est facteur de risques en matière de sécurité pour les personnes et les biens en circulation sur le réseau et peut avoir des impacts négatifs sur la régularité des trains : en 2022, les incidents en lien avec la végétation ont généré plus de 33 6000 minutes de retard sur les trains.
GRANDS PORTS MARITIMES
Les grands ports maritimes (GPM) ont pour mission la gestion des espaces naturels dont ils sont propriétaires ou qui leur sont affectés (notamment estuaires, zones humides). À ce titre, ils développent des stratégies de gestion durable des habitats et de la biodiversité, dans le cadre de leur projet stratégique et de plans dédiés, notamment les schémas directeurs du patrimoine naturel.
Plus généralement, l’ensemble de l’espace géré par les ports, à vocation portuaire, industriel ou naturel, est susceptible d’accueillir de la biodiversité, des habitats et de préserver les continuités écologiques. La stratégie des GPM en matière de biodiversité se structure ainsi autour des axes suivants :
RESEAU ROUTIER NATIONAL
VOIES NAVIGABLES
VOIES FERREES
GRANDS PORTS MARITIMES
| Global Targets | Degree of Alignment |
GBF-T01. All areas are planned or managed to bring loss of areas of high biodiversity importance close to zero GBF-T01. All areas are planned or managed to bring loss of areas of high biodiversity importance close to zeroEnsure that all areas are under participatory, integrated, and biodiversity inclusive spatial planning and/or effective management processes addressing land and sea use change, to bring the loss of areas of high biodiversity importance, including ecosystems of high ecological integrity, close to zero by 2030, while respecting the rights of indigenous peoples and local communities. | High |
GBF-T04. Threatened species are recovering, genetic diversity is being maintained and human-wildlife conflict is being managed GBF-T04. Threatened species are recovering, genetic diversity is being maintained and human-wildlife conflict is being managedEnsure urgent management actions to halt human induced extinction of known threatened species and for the recovery and conservation of species, in particular threatened species, to significantly reduce extinction risk, as well as to maintain and restore the genetic diversity within and between populations of native, wild and domesticated species to maintain their adaptive potential, including through in situ and ex situ conservation and sustainable management practices, and effectively manage human-wildlife interactions to minimize human-wildlife conflict for coexistence. | Medium |
GBF-T06. Reduce rates of introduction and establishment of invasive alien species by 50% GBF-T06. Reduce rates of introduction and establishment of invasive alien species by 50%Eliminate, minimize, reduce and or mitigate the impacts of invasive alien species on biodiversity and ecosystem services by identifying and managing pathways of the introduction of alien species, preventing the introduction and establishment of priority invasive alien species, reducing the rates of introduction and establishment of other known or potential invasive alien species by at least 50 per cent, by 2030, eradicating or controlling invasive alien species especially in priority sites, such as islands. | High |
GBF-T07. Pollution reduced, halving nutrient loss and pesticide risk GBF-T07. Pollution reduced, halving nutrient loss and pesticide riskReduce pollution risks and the negative impact of pollution from all sources, by 2030, to levels that are not harmful to biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services, considering cumulative effects, including: reducing excess nutrients lost to the environment by at least half including through more efficient nutrient cycling and use; reducing the overall risk from pesticides and highly hazardous chemicals by at least half including through integrated pest management, based on science, taking into account food security and livelihoods; and also preventing, reducing, and working towards eliminating plastic pollution. | Low |
GBF-T11. Nature’s contributions to people are restored, maintained and enhanced GBF-T11. Nature’s contributions to people are restored, maintained and enhancedRestore, maintain and enhance nature’s contributions to people, including ecosystem functions and services, such as regulation of air, water, and climate, soil health, pollination and reduction of disease risk, as well as protection from natural hazards and disasters, through nature-based solutions and/or ecosystem-based approaches for the benefit of all people and nature. | Medium |
GBF-T12. Urban green and blue spaces enhanced for human well-being GBF-T12. Urban green and blue spaces enhanced for human well-beingSignificantly increase the area and quality and connectivity of, access to, and benefits from green and blue spaces in urban and densely populated areas sustainably, by mainstreaming the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, and ensure biodiversity-inclusive urban planning, enhancing native biodiversity, ecological connectivity and integrity, and improving human health and well-being and connection to nature and contributing to inclusive and sustainable urbanization and the provision of ecosystem functions and services. | Low |
GBF-T14. The multiple values of biodiversity are integrated into decision-making at all levels GBF-T14. The multiple values of biodiversity are integrated into decision-making at all levelsEnsure the full integration of biodiversity and its multiple values into policies, regulations, planning and development processes, poverty eradication strategies, strategic environmental assessments, environmental impact assessments and, as appropriate, national accounting, within and across all levels of government and across all sectors, in particular those with significant impacts on biodiversity, progressively aligning all relevant public and private activities, fiscal and financial flows with the goals and targets of this framework. | Medium |
GBF-T15. Businesses assess and disclose biodiversity dependencies, impacts and risks, and reduce negative impacts GBF-T15. Businesses assess and disclose biodiversity dependencies, impacts and risks, and reduce negative impactsTake legal, administrative or policy measures to encourage and enable business, and in particular to ensure that large and transnational companies and financial institutions:
(a) Regularly monitor, assess, and transparently disclose their risks, dependencies and impacts on biodiversity, including with requirements for all large as well as transnational companies and financial institutions along their operations, supply and value chains and portfolios;
(b) Provide information needed to consumers to promote sustainable consumption patterns;
(c) Report on compliance with access and benefit-sharing regulations and measures, as applicable;
in order to progressively reduce negative impacts on biodiversity, increase positive impacts, reduce biodiversity-related risks to business and financial institutions, and promote actions to ensure sustainable patterns of production. | Medium |
GBF-T20. Capacity-building and development, technology transfer, and technical and scientific cooperation for implementation is strengthened GBF-T20. Capacity-building and development, technology transfer, and technical and scientific cooperation for implementation is strengthenedStrengthen capacity-building and development, access to and transfer of technology, and promote development of and access to innovation and technical and scientific cooperation, including through South-South, North-South and triangular cooperation, to meet the needs for effective implementation, particularly in developing countries, fostering joint technology development and joint scientific research programmes for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and strengthening scientific research and monitoring capacities, commensurate with the ambition of the goals and targets of the framework. | Medium |
GBF-T21. Data, information and knowledge for decision-making is available GBF-T21. Data, information and knowledge for decision-making is availableEnsure that the best available data, information and knowledge, are accessible to decision makers, practitioners and the public to guide effective and equitable governance, integrated and participatory management of biodiversity, and to strengthen communication, awareness-raising, education, monitoring, research and knowledge management and, also in this context, traditional knowledge, innovations, practices and technologies of indigenous peoples and local communities should only be accessed with their free, prior and informed consent[1], in accordance with national legislation.
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[1] Free, prior and informed consent refers to the tripartite terminology of “prior and informed consent” or “free, prior and informed consent” or “approval and involvement”. | High |